Vehicle
EPA Classification
Large Cars
4WD Sport Utility Vehicles
Engine
Engine Order Code
Engine Type
Displacement
Fuel System
SAE Net Horsepower @ RPM
SAE Net Torque @ RPM
Transmission
Drivetrain
All Wheel Drive
4-Wheel Drive
Trans Order Code
Trans Type
Trans Description Cont.
Automatic w/Manual Shift
Manual
Trans Description Cont. Again
First Gear Ratio (:1)
Second Gear Ratio (:1)
Third Gear Ratio (:1)
Fourth Gear Ratio (:1)
Fifth Gear Ratio (:1)
Sixth Gear Ratio (:1)
Reverse Ratio (:1)
Clutch Size
Final Drive Axle Ratio (:1)
Seventh Gear Ratio (:1)
Eighth Gear Ratio (:1)
Weight Information
Base Curb Weight
Suspension
Suspension Type - Front
Suspension Type - Rear
Trapezoidal-Link
Live Axle
Suspension Type - Front (Cont.)
Suspension Type - Rear (Cont.)
Shock Absorber Diameter - Front
Shock Absorber Diameter - Rear
Stabilizer Bar Diameter - Front
Stabilizer Bar Diameter - Rear
Brakes
Brake Type
Brake ABS System
Brake ABS System (Second Line)
Disc - Front (Yes or )
Disc - Rear (Yes or )
Front Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness
15.7 x -TBD- in
11.9 x 1.1 in
Rear Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness
14.0 x -TBD- in
12.4 x 0.5 in
Drum - Rear (Yes or )
Rear Drum Diam x Width
Wheels
Front Wheel Size
20 x -TBD- in
18 x 7.5 in
Rear Wheel Size
20 x -TBD- in
18 x 7.5 in
Spare Wheel Size
Rear Wheel Material
Spare Wheel Material
Tires
Front Tire Order Code
Rear Tire Order Code
Spare Tire Order Code
Front Tire Size
Rear Tire Size
Spare Tire Size
Mileage
EPA Fuel Economy Est - Hwy
Cruising Range - City
EPA Fuel Economy Est - City
Fuel Economy Est-Combined
Cruising Range - Hwy
EPA MPG Equivalent - City
EPA MPG Equivalent - Hwy
EPA MPG Equivalent - Combined
Battery Range
Fuel Tank
Fuel Tank Capacity, Approx
Aux Fuel Tank Capacity, Approx
Emissions
Tons/yr of CO2 Emissions @ 15K mi/year
EPA Greenhouse Gas Score
Steering
Steering Type
Steering Ratio (:1), Overall
Lock to Lock Turns (Steering)
Turning Diameter - Curb to Curb
Turning Diameter - Wall to Wall
Interior Dimensions
Passenger Capacity
Passenger Volume
Front Head Room
Front Leg Room
Front Shoulder Room
Front Hip Room
Second Head Room
Second Leg Room
Second Shoulder Room
Second Hip Room
Exterior Dimensions
Wheelbase
Length, Overall
Width, Max w/o mirrors
Height, Overall
Track Width, Front
Track Width, Rear
Min Ground Clearance
Liftover Height
Cargo Area Dimensions
Trunk Volume
Trailering
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Trailer Wt.
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Tongue Wt.
Wt Distributing Hitch - Max Trailer Wt.
Wt Distributing Hitch - Max Tongue Wt.
Electrical
Cold Cranking Amps @ 0° F (Primary)
Maximum Alternator Capacity (amps)
Cooling System
Total Cooling System Capacity
MECHANICAL
6.3L DOHC FSI 48-valve W12 engine.
8-speed automatic Tiptronic transmission.
Front/rear hypoid gear electronic differential locks (EDL).
Torsen torque sensing center differential.
quattro permanent all-wheel drive.
110-amp/hr battery.
190-amp alternator.
Audi space frame (ASF) -inc: aluminum frame & body structure.
Adaptive air suspension.
5-link front suspension w/upper & lower control arms.
Trapezoidal-link rear suspension.
Front/rear stabilizer bars.
Audi drive select -inc: comfort, auto, dynamic, & individual modes.
Dynamic speed-sensitive pwr rack & pinion steering.
Pwr vented front/rear disc brakes.
Electromechanical parking brake -inc: auto release.
Integrated twin-trapezoidal exhaust tailpipes w/chrome tips
3.8L SMPI V6 engine.
6-speed manual transmission.
3.21 axle ratio.
Hill start assist.
Next-generation Dana 30 solid front axle.
Next generation Dana 44 HD rear axle.
Command-Trac shift-on-the-fly 4WD system.
600-CCA maintenance free battery.
140-amp alternator.
(2) front/(1) rear tow hooks.
Fuel tank skid plate.
Transfer case skid plate.
HD suspension w/gas shock absorbers.
Front stabilizer bar.
Rear stabilizer bar.
Pwr steering.
4-wheel disc brakes.
Hydraulic assist brake boost
EXTERIOR
20" 10-parallel-spoke alloy wheels.
265/40R20 summer performance tires.
Compact spare tire w/alloy wheel.
Pwr tilt 2-panel panorama sunroof w/pwr sunshade & wind deflector.
Body-color bumpers.
Body-color moldings.
Aluminum exterior trim -inc: beltline, window.
Front grille w/enhanced chrome bars.
Auto on/off headlights.
LED headlights w/LED daytime running lights.
LED tail lights.
LED puddle lighting.
Rear fog light.
Exterior door handle LED lighting.
Dual body-color auto-dimming pwr folding heated mirrors w/integrated LED turn signals -inc: chrome accents, memory.
Tinted glass.
Dual-pane acoustic break-resistant security glass.
Rain-sensing variable speed intermittent front windshield wipers.
Body-color door handles w/aluminum accents
18" x 7.5" 7-spoke polished aluminum wheels.
P255/70R18 on/off-road OWL tires.
Full size spare tire.
Matching spare wheel.
Outside tire carrier.
Easy folding soft top.
Sunrider soft top feature.
Black/silver front bumper.
Black/silver rear bumper.
Body color fender flares.
Tubular side steps.
Body color grille.
Halogen headlamps.
Automatic headlamps.
Fog lamps.
Tinted windshield glass.
Front door tinted glass.
Deep-tint sunscreen windows.
Pwr heated mirrors.
Variable intermittent windshield wipers.
Hood insulation
ENTERTAINMENT
AM/FM stereo w/6-disc CD/MP3 changer w/HD Radio, radio data system (RDS).
Bose surround sound system w/(14) speakers, AudioPilot, 630-watts.
In-dash DVD player.
Audi music interface w/iPod cable.
20GB Jukebox hard disc drive storage.
SiriusXM satellite radio -inc: (3) month trial subscription.
SiriusXM traffic -inc: (3) month trial subscription.
Rear seat entertainment -inc: dual 10" screens, single-DVD, 60GB hard disc drive storage, additional MMI controls in rear center armrest, (2) wireless headphones, Audi music interface, (2) SD card slots.
Bluetooth phone preparation
Media center 130 -inc: AM/FM stereo, CD/MP3 player.
Audio input jack.
(6) Infinity speakers w/subwoofer.
SIRIUS satellite radio w/1-year subscription *N/A in Hawaii or Puerto Rico*
INTERIOR
Valcona leather seating surfaces.
22-way pwr driver & front passenger multicontour pneumatic bucket seats -inc: driver & front passenger pwr lumbar, driver & front passenger seat memory, driver & front passenger seat ventilation & massage.
Heated front/rear seats -inc: pwr lumbar, ventilation & massage functions, front passenger control from rear seats, rear seat pass-through w/ski bag.
Rear bench seats.
4-seat configuration -inc: fixed rear center console.
Front/rear comfort headrests.
Full length center console -inc: adjustable rear air vents, rear seat heat controls, rear pwr outlet, dual cup holders, dual folding/height adjustable armrests w/storage, MMI controls.
Front/rear floor mats.
Aluminum door sills.
Pwr tilt/telescopic 4-spoke multifunction leather-wrapped steering wheel w/memory, audio controls & shift paddles.
Heated steering wheel.
Driver info display -inc: trip computer, automatic check system, outside temp.
Audi Multi-Media Interface (MMI) navigation plus -inc: 8" touch screen color display, handwriting recognition, Google Earth, real time traffic, voice control, 60GB hard disc drive storage.
Pwr soft-closing doors.
Pwr windows w/1-touch up/down & pinch protection.
Pwr central locking system w/keyless entry, safety unlock feature if airbags deploy.
Advanced key w/keyless start, stop & entry.
Pwr trunk open/close.
Remote fuel tank release.
HomeLink universal garage door opener.
Cruise control.
Anti-theft alarm system w/immobilizer.
Audi Connect wireless internet connectivity -inc: (6) month trial subscription.
4-zone automatic climate control -inc: rear booster & rear center console controls.
Rear window defogger w/timer.
Rear seat heat ducts.
Cooled glove box.
Leatherette on upper dashboard.
Piano black lacquer wood upper inlays.
Brushed aluminum silver lower inlays.
Rear center folding armrest w/cupholders.
Front seatback map pockets.
Front/rear door storage pockets.
Auto-dimming rearview mirror w/compass.
Alcantara headliner.
Rear pwr sunshade w/rear side pwr sunshades.
Driver & front passenger illuminated visor vanity mirrors -inc: normal & magnified mirrors.
(4) assist handles w/slow retraction feature.
Front seatback map pockets.
Front passenger cargo net located on center console.
Interior lighting -inc: front/rear reading lights, courtesy delay, fade-in/fade-out, automatic-on when key is removed, trunk, lighter, ashtray, front/rear footwells, storage compartments, door sills.
Customizable ambient LED lighting.
Leather-wrapped shift knob/hand brake lever.
(4) tie-down eyelets in trunk
Air conditioning.
Premium leather seat trim.
Low-back front bucket seats.
Reclining front seats.
Driver height adjustment.
Heated front seats.
Easy-access passenger seat.
Rear folding seat.
Rear seat outboard head restraints.
Full length floor console.
Storage tray.
Front seat area carpet.
Rear seat/cargo area carpet.
Front floor mats.
Cargo compartment floor mat.
Tilt steering column.
Leather-wrapped steering wheel.
Steering wheel mounted audio controls.
Premium instrument cluster w/tachometer.
Temp & compass gauge.
Front passenger seat belt alert.
Speed control.
Pwr windows w/1-touch down.
Pwr door locks.
Remote keyless entry.
Security alarm.
Sentry Key theft deterrent system.
Mopar front/rear door entry guards.
Bright interior accents.
Aux 115V pwr outlet.
Aux 12V pwr outlet.
Sport bar w/full padding.
Sliding sun visors w/mirrors.
Front dome lamp w/on/off switch.
Front seatback map pockets.
Satin chrome/leather wrapped shift knob.
Cargo compartment covered storage.
Cargo tie down loops
SAFETY
Anti-lock brake system (ABS) w/electronic brake distribution (EBD) & brake assist.
Traction control (ASR).
Electronic stability control (ESC).
LED daytime running lamps.
Driver & front passenger dual-stage airbags w/front passenger occupant detection.
Driver & front passenger Sideguard head curtain airbags.
Driver & front passenger knee airbags.
Front & rear outboard thorax side airbags.
Audi pre sense basic crash preparation.
Front/rear parking sensors.
Front (3) point safety belts w/automatic pre-tensioning/force limiters & height adjust.
Rear (3) point safety belts W/force limiters for outboard passenger seating positions.
Safety unlock feature *Unlocks doors & turns on interior lights if airbag deploys*.
Rear child safety door locks.
Rear seat lower anchors & tethers for children (LATCH).
Emergency trunk release.
Passive tire pressure monitor
4-wheel anti-lock brakes.
Electronic roll mitigation.
Electronic stability control.
Traction control.
Driver & front passenger advanced multi-stage frontal airbags -inc: occupant classification system (OCS).
Tire pressure monitoring warning lamp
PACKAGE
__
Pwr convenience group -inc: pwr heated mirrors, pwr locks, pwr windows w/front one-touch down, remote keyless entry, security alarm
Rebate
Warranty
Basic Years:
4.
Basic Miles/km:
50,000.
Drivetrain Years:
4.
Drivetrain Miles/km:
50,000.
Corrosion Years:
12.
Corrosion Miles/km:
Unlimited.
Roadside Assistance Years:
4.
Roadside Assistance Miles/km:
Unlimited.
Maintenance Years:
1.
Maintenance Miles/km:
5,000
Basic Years:
3.
Basic Miles/km:
36,000.
Drivetrain Years:
5.
Drivetrain Miles/km:
100,000.
Corrosion Years:
5.
Corrosion Miles/km:
100,000.
Emissions Years:
2.
Emissions Miles/km:
24,000.
Roadside Assistance Years:
3.
Roadside Assistance Miles/km:
36,000
Recall
__
NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID:
11V145000.
Mfg's Report Date:
MAR 01, 2011.
Component:
POWER TRAIN:AXLE ASSEMBLY.
Potential Number of Units Affected:
20,459.
Summary:
CHRYSLER IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2010-2011 JEEP WRANGLER VEHICLES MANUFACTURER FROM JULY 12, 2010, THROUGH SEPTEMBER 10, 2010. SOME VEHICLES MAY EXPERIENCE A DEGRADATION OF FASTENER TORQUE FOR VARIOUS FRONT AND REAR AXLE ATTACHMENTS TO THE CHASSIS MODULE..
Consequence:
THIS COULD RESULT IN NOISE, OR ULTIMATELY, DEGRADATION IN STEERING AND HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS WHICH COULD LEAD TO LOSS OF DIRECTIONAL CONTROL OF THE VEHICLE INCREASING THE RISK OF A CRASH..
Remedy:
DEALERS WILL RE-TORQUE ALL NINETEEN FASTENERS TO THE MAXIMUM RESIDUAL TORQUE VALUES. THIS SERVICE WILL BE PERFORMED FREE OF CHARGE. THE SAFETY RECALL IS EXPECTED TO BEGIN DURING MARCH 2011. OWNERS MAY CONTACT CHRYSLER AT 1-800-853-1403..
Notes:
CHRYSLER SAFETY RECALL NO. L09. OWNERS MAY ALSO CONTACT THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S VEHICLE SAFETY HOTLINE AT 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), OR GO TO HTTP://WWW.SAFERCAR.GOV ..
NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID:
11V528000.
Mfg's Report Date:
NOV 01, 2011.
Component:
AIR BAGS:FRONTAL.
Potential Number of Units Affected:
5,334.
Summary:
CHRYSLER IS RECALLING CERTAIN MODEL YEAR 2008-2012 RIGHT HAND DRIVE (RHD) JEEP WRANGLER VEHICLES MANUFACTURED FROM FEBRUARY 1, 2007, THROUGH OCTOBER 10, 2011. SOME VEHICLES MAY BE EQUIPPED WITH DRIVER'S AIRBAG CLOCKSPRING ASSEMBLIES THAT COULD EXPERIENCE A COMPROMISED AIRBAG CIRCUIT RESULTING IN AN AIRBAG LAMP ILLUMINATION, WHICH INDICATES THAT THE AIRBAG MAY NOT DEPLOY..
Consequence:
A BROKEN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IN THE AIRBAG CLOCKSPRING WIRING ASSEMBLY CAN LEAD TO NON-DEPLOYMENT OF THE DRIVER FRONTAL AIRBAG AND WILL NOT BE ABLE TO PROPERLY PROTECT THE DRIVER IN THE EVENT OF A CRASH, INCREASING THE RISK OF INJURIES..
Remedy:
CHRYSLER WILL NOTIFY OWNERS AND REMEDY THE VEHICLES AS NECESSARY FREE OF CHARGE. CHRYSLER WILL MAIL TO OWNERS AN INTERIM NOTIFICATION ON OR BEFORE NOVEMBER 2011. OWNERS MAY CONTACT CHRYSLER AT 1-800-853-1403..
Notes:
CHRYSLER'S RECALL NUMBER IS L37. OWNERS MAY ALSO CONTACT THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION'S VEHICLE SAFETY HOTLINE AT 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), OR GO TO HTTP://WWW.SAFERCAR.GOV ..
NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID:
18V021000.
Mfg's Report Date:
January 9, 2018.
Component:
AIR BAGS.
Potential Number of Units Affected:
317,000.
Summary:
Chrysler (FCA US LLC) is recalling certain 2009-2013 Jeep Wrangler, Chrysler 300, Dodge Challenger and Dodge Charger vehicles, and 2009-2011 Dodge Dakota vehicles sold, or ever registered, in the states of Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan), and the U.S. Virgin Islands or "Zone A." Additionally, Chrysler is recalling certain 2009-2010 RAM 4500 Cab Chassis, RAM 5500 Cab Chassis, RAM 3500 Cab Chassis, Jeep Wrangler, Chrysler 300, Dodge Dakota, Dodge Challenger, and Dodge Charger vehicles ever registered in the states of Arizona, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia or "Zone B." Chrysler is also recalling certain 2009 RAM 3500, RAM 2500, RAM 4500 Cab Chassis, RAM 5500 ....
Consequence:
An inflator explosion may result in sharp metal fragments striking the driver or other occupants resulting in serious injury or death..
Remedy:
Chrysler will notify owners, and dealers will replace the passenger frontal air bag inflator, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin February 28, 2018. Owners may contact Chrysler customer service at 1-800-853-1403. Chrysler's number for this recall is U03..
Notes:
Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov..
NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID:
13V176000.
Mfg's Report Date:
MAY 07, 2013.
Component:
AIR BAGS.
Potential Number of Units Affected:
5,440.
Summary:
Chrysler Group LLC (Chrysler) is recalling certain model year 2008-2012 Jeep Wrangler right-hand drive vehicles manufactured February 1, 2007, through October 10, 2011. The affected vehicles have airbag clockspring assemblies that could experience broken airbag circuits..
Consequence:
In the event of a crash necessitating airbag deployment, a broken electrical circuit in the airbag clockspring wiring assembly can lead to non-deployment of the driver-side frontal airbag and will not be able to properly protect the driver, increasing the risk of injuries..
Remedy:
Chrysler will notify owners, and dealers will replace the clockspring and add a steering wheel dust shield, free of charge. The recall began on June 10, 2013. Owners may contact Chrysler at 1-800-247-9753. This recall supercedes NHTSA recall 11V-528. Chrysler's recall campaign number is M31..
Notes:
Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov..
NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID:
16V288000.
Mfg's Report Date:
MAY 11, 2016.
Component:
AIR BAGS.
Potential Number of Units Affected:
7,180.
Summary:
Chrysler (FCA US LLC) is recalling certain model year 2011-2016 Right Hand Drive Jeep Wrangler vehicles manufactured February 16, 2010, to May 2, 2016. The clockspring assembly may become contaminated with dust and cause the air bag circuit to fail..
Consequence:
Failure of the air bag circuit may prevent the driver's frontal air bag from deploying in the event of a crash, increasing the risk of injury..
Remedy:
Chrysler will notify owners, and dealers will replace the clockspring, wheel back cover, and column shroud, free of charge. The manufacturer has not yet provided a notification schedule. Owners may contact Chrysler customer service at 1-800-853-1403. Chrysler's number for this recall is S40..
Notes:
Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov..
NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID:
14V631000.
Mfg's Report Date:
OCT 08, 2014.
Potential Number of Units Affected:
313,236.
Summary:
Chrysler Group LLC (Chrysler) is recalling certain model year 2011-2013 Jeep Wrangler vehicles manufactured February 16, 2010, to July 19, 2013. Corrosion in the exterior heated power mirror electrical connector may result in an electrical short..
Consequence:
An electrical short increases the risk of a fire..
Remedy:
Chrysler will notify owners, and dealers will move the exterior mirror power feed to a separate connector, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin December 5, 2014. Owners may contact Chrysler customer service at 1-800-853-1403. Chrysler's number for this recall is P61..
Notes:
Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 or go to www.safercar.gov..
NHTSA CAMPAIGN ID:
16V352000.
Mfg's Report Date:
MAY 24, 2016.
Component:
AIR BAGS.
Potential Number of Units Affected:
4,319,513.
Summary:
Chrysler (FCA US LLC) is recalling certain model year 2004-2008 RAM 1500, 2005-2009 RAM 2500, 2006-2009 RAM 3500, 2007-2010 RAM 3500 Cab Chassis, 2008-2010 RAM 4500 and 5500 Cab Chassis, 2004-2009 Dodge Durango, 2007-2009 Chrysler Aspen, 2007-2012 Jeep Wrangler, 2008-2012 Dodge Challenger, 2005-2008 Dodge Magnum, 2005-2012 Chrysler 300, 2006-2012 Dodge Charger, 2005-2011 Dodge Dakota, and 2006-2009 Mitsubishi Raider vehicles originally sold, or ever registered, in AL, CA, FL, GA, HI, LA, MS, SC, TX, Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan), and the U.S. Virgin Islands, or "Zone A." Additionally, unless included in "Zone A" above, Chrysler is also recalling 2004-2008 RAM 1500, 2005-2009 RAM 2500, 2006-2009 RAM 3500, 2007-2009 RAM 3500 Cab Chassis, 2008-2009 RAM 4500 and 5500 Cab Chassis, 2004-2009 Dodge Durango, 2007-2009 Chrysler Aspen, 2007-2009 Jeep Wrangler, 2008-2009 Dodge Challenger, 2005-2008 Dodge Magnum, 2005-2009 Chrysler 300, 2006-2009 Dodge....
Consequence:
These vehicles are equipped with certain air bag inflators assembled as part of the passenger frontal air bag modules, and used as original equipment or replacement equipment. These inflators may rupture due to propellant degradation occurring after long-term exposure to absolute humidity and temperature cycling. An inflator rupture may result in metal fragments striking the vehicle occupants resulting in serious injury or death..
Remedy:
Chrysler will notify the Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and RAM owners. Mitsubishi owners will be notified by their company. Dealers will replace the passenger frontal air bag inflator, free of charge. Chrysler mailed interim notices to owners on July 7, 2016. Owners will receive a second notice when remedy parts become available. Owners may contact Chrysler customer service at 1-800-853-1403. Chrysler's number for this recall is S43..
Notes:
Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
News - Crash Test Results
__
Note:
Frontal crash test results are valid for 2011 model year vehicles manufactured before July 2, 2010..
Male/Female Dummy Note:
Male: Average sized adult male dummy in 35-MPH crash into fixed barrier. Rating is evaluation of injury to head, neck, chest, legs. Female: Small-sized adult female dummy in 35-mph crash into fixed barrier. Rating is evaluation of injury to head, neck, chest, legs..
Rollover Rating:
* * *.
Rollover Rating Dynamic Test Result:
No Tip.
Risk of Rollover:
27.9%.
Rollover Note:
Dynamic (moving) test results (Tip or No Tip) and measured rollover-related properties determine vehicle's risk of rollover in single vehicle crash and its rollover rating. The Rollover Resistance Rating utilizes a "fishhook" maneuver which is a series of abrupt turns at varying speeds to see how "top-heavy" a vehicle is.
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